Analysis of the conditions for the creation of pharmaceutical university spin-offs within a public university in Burkina Faso
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the legal framework for the creation of university spinoffs, particularly those in the fields of medicine and pharmacy in Burkina Faso. This was carried out through a literature review, supplemented by interviews with resource persons from the sectors in charge of commerce, industry, finance, scientific research and innovation, health, and youth.
In Burkina Faso, there are no specific provisions for promoting university spinoffs. A Simplified Joint Stock Company is the most appropriate legal form for these types of companies. Moreover, these laws do not favor the mobility of researchers in entrepreneurship. In addition, university spinoffs are subject to the same tax pressure as conventional companies. Nevertheless, the University of Joseph KI-ZERBO supported project leaders through its incubator. However, its lack of status, insufficient material, and financial resources limit its actions.
Keywords:
Spin-off, economic development, research, innovation, university
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References
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https://www.cairn.info/revue-de-l-entrepreneuriat-2015-1-page-41.htm
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6. Lawton-Smith H. Universities, innovation, and territorial development: A review of the evidence. About Plan C Gov Policy. 2007;25(1):98–114.
https://doi.org/10.1068/c0561
7. Sandström C, Wennberg K, Wallin MW, Zherlygina Y. Patenting rationales of academic entrepreneurs in weak and strong organizational regimes. J Technol Transf. 2016;43:1232-1256.
8. Pirnay F. The phenomena of university spin-offs: development of a conceptual frame of reference. 10th conference of the international association of strategic management. In Quebec; 2003. p. 30.
9. Mustar P, Renault M, Colombo MG, Piva E, Fontes M, Lockett A, et al. Conceptualizing the heterogeneity of research-based spin-offs: A multi-dimensional taxonomy. ResPolicy. [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2024 Feb 03]; 35(2):289-308. Available from:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=1502050
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doi: 10.19080/GJPPS.2021.09.555752
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https://www.mesrsi.gov.bf/fileadmin/user_upload/storage/images/Decret_n__2013-1245_promulguant_la_loi_038-2013_portant_loi_d_Orientation_de_la_Recherche_scientifique__et_de_l_Innovation.pdf%0A%0A
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29. Burkina Faso. Law n°062013/AN of April 02, 2013 on the environment code in Burkina Faso [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/bkf11542.pdf
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36. Burkina Faso. Law No. 025-2010/AN of 18 May 2010 on the legal regime applicable to the employment of university hospital teachers and researchers [Internet]. 2010 May 18 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://www.mesrsi.gov.bf.
37. Burkina Faso. Law No. 081-2015/CNT of November 24, 2015 on the general status of the State civil service [Internet]. 2015 Nov 15[cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from: https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/loi-081-2015-portant-statut-de-la-fonction-publique.pdf
38. OHADA. Revised uniform act of May 5, 2014 relating to the law of commercial companies and economic interest groupings. [Internet].2014 May 05 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/acte-uniforme-relatif-au-droit-des-socic3a9tc3a9s-commerciales-et-du-groupement-dintc3a9rc3aat-c3a9conomique-ohada-fr.pdf
39. Burkina Faso. Law No. 038-2018/AN of October 30, 2018, on the Investment Code of Burkina Faso [Internet]. 2018 Oct 30 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/loi_038_portant_code_des_investissements-1.pdf
40. The company house. Creator's Guide to Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou; 2017. p.215.
41. Burkina Faso. Law n°058-2017/an of December 20, 2017, on the general tax code of Burkina Faso [Internet]. 2017 Dec 20 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/loi_058_portant_code_general_des_impots_-_final.pdf
42. Burkina Faso. Law N°015-2017/AN of April 27, 2017, on the orientation law, promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises in Burkina Faso [Internet]. 2017 Apr 27 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/loi_015-2017_portant_orientation_pme.pdf
43. French Republic. The young innovative company status [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 08]. Available from: www.service-public.fr
44. Burkinabe Fund for Economic and Social Development of Burkina Faso. Burkina start-up program. [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 08]. Available from:
https://fbdes.org/
45. Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Handicrafts of Burkina Faso. Agency for the financing and promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises [Internet]. [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 08]. Available from:
www.afp-pme
46. Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation of Burkina Faso. National agency for the promotion of research results [Internet]. 2024 Jan [cited 2024 Feb 10]. Available from:
https://www.iicba.unesco.org/en/node/70
47. Ackerman N DCF. Create your spin-off at the Free University of Brussels (ULB) the complete guide [Internet]. ULB - Technology Transfer Office, editor. Brussels [cited 2024 Feb 08]. p.28. Available from:
www.ulb.be
48. Bovy A, Buntinx B, Durieux P, Ooms F, Poupaert N, Vandemeulebroecke A, et al. Guide to creating a spin-off for researchers at the Catholic University of Louvain [Internet]. Leuven Technology transfer office, editor. 2012. [cited 2024 Feb 07].p.27. Available from:
www.ltto.com
49. Berard X, Françoise C, Flavie M, Irene S, Meunier-Guillot J. Practical guide to spin-offs [Internet]. DDTEFP, editor. Lyons; 2005 [cited 2024 Feb 07].p.72. Available from:
www.doc-sustainable-development.org
50. Beraza Garmendia JM; Rodríguez Castellanos A. Los programs de apoyo a la creación de spin-offs en las universidades españolas: Una comparación internaciona. Investig Eur Dir y Econ la Empres. 2011;17(2):89-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1135-2523(12)60054-9
51. Foundation of the University of Abomey Calavi. 2017-2026 Strategic Development Plan of the University of Abomey-Calavi Foundation. Abomey; 2016.
52. Berbegal-Mirabent J, Ribeiro-Soriano DE, Sánchez García JL. Can a magic recipe foster university spin-off creation? J Bus Res. 2015 Nov 1; 68(11):2272-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.06.010
53. Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Handicrafts. 2020 Crown Corporation Performance Report [Internet]. Ouagadougou; 2020 [cited 2024 Feb 09]. Available from:
https://www.finances.gov.bf/fileadmin/user_upload/storage/Rapport_de_performance_a_la_29eme_session_AG-SE_juin_2021.pdf
54. Ministry of Industrial Development, Handicraft Trade, and Small and Medium Enterprises. State Corporations Performance Report Exercice 2021 [Internet]. Ouagadougou; 2022 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://www.finances.gov.bf/fileadmin/user_upload/storage/Rapport_de_performance_a_la_30 eme_session_AG-SE_juin_2022.pdf
2. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Stimulate the spin-off of high-tech companies: an asset for innovation. Sci Technol Ind. [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2024 Feb 03]; 26:1–191. Available from:
https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/sti_rev-v2000-1-en.pdf?expires=1710174066&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=3CB73C35FF64A84569ABD84A28BDB05A
3. Bart D. Methods of promoting research in educational science and the professional development of teacher-researchers in the discipline. J Bus Ventur. 2008;4:51–567.
4. Francois V. The entrepreneurial dynamics of a university spin-off in the emerging phase and winner of the BPI competition. Rev Entrepreneurship [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2024 Feb 03]14(1):41-72. Available from:
https://www.cairn.info/revue-de-l-entrepreneuriat-2015-1-page-41.htm
5. Etzkowitz H, Klofsten M. The innovating region: toward a theory of knowledge-based regional development. RD Manag. 2005;Volume35(3):243-255.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00387.x
6. Lawton-Smith H. Universities, innovation, and territorial development: A review of the evidence. About Plan C Gov Policy. 2007;25(1):98–114.
https://doi.org/10.1068/c0561
7. Sandström C, Wennberg K, Wallin MW, Zherlygina Y. Patenting rationales of academic entrepreneurs in weak and strong organizational regimes. J Technol Transf. 2016;43:1232-1256.
8. Pirnay F. The phenomena of university spin-offs: development of a conceptual frame of reference. 10th conference of the international association of strategic management. In Quebec; 2003. p. 30.
9. Mustar P, Renault M, Colombo MG, Piva E, Fontes M, Lockett A, et al. Conceptualizing the heterogeneity of research-based spin-offs: A multi-dimensional taxonomy. ResPolicy. [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2024 Feb 03]; 35(2):289-308. Available from:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=1502050
10. Shane S. Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spin-offs and Wealth Creation. Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar; 2004. p.352.
11. Grimaldi R, Kenney M, Siegel DS, Wright M. 30 Years after Bayh-Dole: Reassessing Academic Entrepreneurship. Res Polit.2011;40:1045-1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1821239
12. Fini R, Grimaldi R, Meoli A. The effectiveness of university regulations to foster science-based entrepreneurship. ResPolicy. 2020 Dec 1;49(10):104048.
13. Francois-Noyer- V, Philippart P. The creation of a business by a civil servant researcher: the management of disembedding. Finance Control Strat. 2005;8(1):49-71.
14. Malva A D, Lissoni F, Llerena P. Institutional change and academic patenting: French universities and the Innovation Act of 1999. J Evol Econ. 2013; 23:211-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-011-0243-3
15. Kamel K. Study of the emergence process of Tunisian university spin-offs [Internet]. University of Sfax; 2015 [cited 2024 Feb 03].Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321994276_Etude_du_processus_d%27emergence_des_spin-offs_universitaires_tunisiennes
16. Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation. Higher Education Statistical Yearbook 2018-2019 [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Feb 20]. p. 50. Available from:
https://www.mesrsi.gov.bf
17. Ministry of Health. Pharmaceutical policy. 2nd edition. [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2020 Feb 20]. p. 40. Available from:
https://www.sante.gov.bf/fileadmin/user_upload/storages/politique_pharmaceutique_version_soumise_en_cm__16_mars_2012.pdf
18. Semdé R, Bandre E, Traore S. Emulsion of shea butter in honey, without additives, for the treatment of wounds and burns [Internet]. Burkina Faso; 19447, 2020. p. 6. Available from:
http://www.oapi.int/Ressources/memoire/19447.pdf
19. Ouédraogo S, Yaméogo JB, Sombié BC, Diawara HZ, Nitiéma M, Belemnaba L, et al. Development of Tablets Based on Lannea microcarpa Engl. And K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) Extracts for Arterial Hypertension Therapy. Glob J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2021;9(1).
doi: 10.19080/GJPPS.2021.09.555752
20. Sombié B C. Development of 3 anti-infective eye drops. Joseph Ky Zerbo University; 2010.
21. African Intellectual Property Organization. Agreement revising the Bangui Agreement of March 2, 1977, establishing an African intellectual property organization [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2024 Feb 06]. p. 6. Available from:
www/oapi.int
22. Dori D, Habib G, Fernand G, Evrard B, Quetin-Leclercq J, Semdé R. Overview of regulation on medicines derived from traditional pharmacopeia in Benin and Burkina Faso. Int J Drug Regul Aff. 2019; 4:8-13. https://doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v7i4.361
23. Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation. Decree n°2017 – 0522 /PRES /PM/MESRSI/MINEFID of July 03, 2017, approving the statutes of Joseph KI-ZERBO University; 2017.
24. Burkina Faso. Law No. 025/99/AN of December 10, 1999, on the general regulation of public capital companies [Internet].1999 Dec 10 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
http://www.ccse.bf/IMG/pdf/recueil_de_textes-2.pdf
25. Burkina Faso. Law n°010-2013/AN of 30 April 2013 laying down rules for the creation of categories of public establishments. [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/loi-portant-rc3a8gles-de-crc3a9ation-des-catc3a9gories-d_c3a9tablissements-publics.pdf
26. Burkina Faso. Law n°038-2013/AN of 26 November 2013 on the orientation of scientific research and innovation [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://www.mesrsi.gov.bf/fileadmin/user_upload/storage/images/Decret_n__2013-1245_promulguant_la_loi_038-2013_portant_loi_d_Orientation_de_la_Recherche_scientifique__et_de_l_Innovation.pdf%0A%0A
27. Burkina Faso. Law No. 23/ADP of May 19, 1994, on the public health code [Internet]. 41 Burkina Faso: Official Journal of October 13, 1994; 1994. [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/loi-nc2b023-94-adp-portant-code-de-la-sante-publique.pdf
28. Ministry of Health. Order No. 00-069/MSMCAB of February 22, 2000, on the conditions for opening and operating a pharmaceutical preparation establishment; 2000
29. Burkina Faso. Law n°062013/AN of April 02, 2013 on the environment code in Burkina Faso [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/bkf11542.pdf
30. WAEMU. Decision No. 08/2010/CM/WAEMU of October 1, 2010, adopting the guide to good manufacturing practices for pharmaceutical products for human use in WAEMU member states; 2010.
31. French Republic. Ordinance no. 2004-545 of June 11, 2004, relating to the legislative part of the research code [Internet]. JORF; 2004 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
www.legifrance.fr
32. French Republic. Education Code of August 03, 2020 [Internet]. 2020. [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
www.legifrance.fr
33. French Republic. Research Code of January 01, 2021 [Internet]. 2021 Jan 01 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
www.legifrance.fr
34. Burkina Faso. Law No. 033-2008/AN of 28 May 2008 on the legal regime applicable to jobs and agents in public State establishments; 2008.
35. Burkina Faso. Law No. 036-2016/an of November 24, 2016, amending law n°025-2010/AN of May 18, 2010, on the legal regime applicable to the employment of teacher-researchers, hospital-university teachers and researchers in Burkina Faso; 2016.
36. Burkina Faso. Law No. 025-2010/AN of 18 May 2010 on the legal regime applicable to the employment of university hospital teachers and researchers [Internet]. 2010 May 18 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://www.mesrsi.gov.bf.
37. Burkina Faso. Law No. 081-2015/CNT of November 24, 2015 on the general status of the State civil service [Internet]. 2015 Nov 15[cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from: https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/loi-081-2015-portant-statut-de-la-fonction-publique.pdf
38. OHADA. Revised uniform act of May 5, 2014 relating to the law of commercial companies and economic interest groupings. [Internet].2014 May 05 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/acte-uniforme-relatif-au-droit-des-socic3a9tc3a9s-commerciales-et-du-groupement-dintc3a9rc3aat-c3a9conomique-ohada-fr.pdf
39. Burkina Faso. Law No. 038-2018/AN of October 30, 2018, on the Investment Code of Burkina Faso [Internet]. 2018 Oct 30 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/loi_038_portant_code_des_investissements-1.pdf
40. The company house. Creator's Guide to Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou; 2017. p.215.
41. Burkina Faso. Law n°058-2017/an of December 20, 2017, on the general tax code of Burkina Faso [Internet]. 2017 Dec 20 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/loi_058_portant_code_general_des_impots_-_final.pdf
42. Burkina Faso. Law N°015-2017/AN of April 27, 2017, on the orientation law, promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises in Burkina Faso [Internet]. 2017 Apr 27 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/loi_015-2017_portant_orientation_pme.pdf
43. French Republic. The young innovative company status [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 08]. Available from: www.service-public.fr
44. Burkinabe Fund for Economic and Social Development of Burkina Faso. Burkina start-up program. [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 08]. Available from:
https://fbdes.org/
45. Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Handicrafts of Burkina Faso. Agency for the financing and promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises [Internet]. [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 08]. Available from:
www.afp-pme
46. Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation of Burkina Faso. National agency for the promotion of research results [Internet]. 2024 Jan [cited 2024 Feb 10]. Available from:
https://www.iicba.unesco.org/en/node/70
47. Ackerman N DCF. Create your spin-off at the Free University of Brussels (ULB) the complete guide [Internet]. ULB - Technology Transfer Office, editor. Brussels [cited 2024 Feb 08]. p.28. Available from:
www.ulb.be
48. Bovy A, Buntinx B, Durieux P, Ooms F, Poupaert N, Vandemeulebroecke A, et al. Guide to creating a spin-off for researchers at the Catholic University of Louvain [Internet]. Leuven Technology transfer office, editor. 2012. [cited 2024 Feb 07].p.27. Available from:
www.ltto.com
49. Berard X, Françoise C, Flavie M, Irene S, Meunier-Guillot J. Practical guide to spin-offs [Internet]. DDTEFP, editor. Lyons; 2005 [cited 2024 Feb 07].p.72. Available from:
www.doc-sustainable-development.org
50. Beraza Garmendia JM; Rodríguez Castellanos A. Los programs de apoyo a la creación de spin-offs en las universidades españolas: Una comparación internaciona. Investig Eur Dir y Econ la Empres. 2011;17(2):89-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1135-2523(12)60054-9
51. Foundation of the University of Abomey Calavi. 2017-2026 Strategic Development Plan of the University of Abomey-Calavi Foundation. Abomey; 2016.
52. Berbegal-Mirabent J, Ribeiro-Soriano DE, Sánchez García JL. Can a magic recipe foster university spin-off creation? J Bus Res. 2015 Nov 1; 68(11):2272-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.06.010
53. Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Handicrafts. 2020 Crown Corporation Performance Report [Internet]. Ouagadougou; 2020 [cited 2024 Feb 09]. Available from:
https://www.finances.gov.bf/fileadmin/user_upload/storage/Rapport_de_performance_a_la_29eme_session_AG-SE_juin_2021.pdf
54. Ministry of Industrial Development, Handicraft Trade, and Small and Medium Enterprises. State Corporations Performance Report Exercice 2021 [Internet]. Ouagadougou; 2022 [cited 2024 Feb 07]. Available from:
https://www.finances.gov.bf/fileadmin/user_upload/storage/Rapport_de_performance_a_la_30 eme_session_AG-SE_juin_2022.pdf
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DORI, D., S. G. NASSOURI, S. L. N. T. M. TOE DJIGUIMDE, R. OUEDRAOGO, and R. SEMDÉ. “Analysis of the Conditions for the Creation of Pharmaceutical University Spin-Offs Within a Public University in Burkina Faso”. International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs, Vol. 12, no. 1, Mar. 2024, pp. 40-47, doi:10.22270/ijdra.v12i1.651.
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